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Chartres CathedralChartres Cathedral © Alinari Archives/Corbis

Chartres Cathedral

Chartres, France. Gothic Europe. Original construction c. 1145–1155 C.E.; reconstructed c. 1194–1220 C.E. Limestone, stained glass.

Curator Note

"The quintessential High Gothic cathedral. Rebuilt after a fire (which miraculously spared the "Sancta Camisa" relic of Mary), it features the first use of flying buttresses to allow for massive stained glass windows. The light-filled interior was intended to transport the soul to the "New Jerusalem.""

Form

  • High Gothic style: pointed arches, rib vaults.
  • Flying buttresses (exterior support) allow thin walls.
  • Cruciform plan with wide nave.
  • Stained glass windows (Lux Nova).
  • Asymmetrical towers (one Romanesque, one Gothic/Flamboyant).

Function

  • Top pilgrimage site (Tunic of Mary).
  • Cathedral of the Bishop of Chartres.
  • To symbolize the heavenly city (Jerusalem).
  • Economic hub for the city (fairs held nearby).
  • Didactic: stained glass/sculpture taught the bible.

Content

  • Royal Portal: Kings/Queens of Old Testament (ancestors of Christ/French Kings).
  • Notre Dame de la Belle Verrière: Famous blue glass window of Mary.
  • Labyrinth on the floor: for walking meditation.
  • Rose Windows: circular windows symbolizing the universe.
  • Sculpture evolves from stiffness (jamb figures) to high relief.

Context

  • The Cult of the Virgin Mary was at its peak.
  • Burnt down in 1194, sparing the West facade and relic.
  • Rebuilt quickly (26 years) by townspeople contributions.
  • Scholasticism (faith + reason) influenced the geometry.
  • The model for Gothic cathedrals generally.